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Other
VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol):
Voice over Internet Protocol, also called VoIP, IP
Telephony, Internet telephony, Broadband telephony,
Broadband Phone and Voice over Broadband is the routing of
voice conversations over the Internet or through any other
IP-based network.
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Companies providing VoIP
service are commonly referred to as providers, and protocols
which are used to carry voice signals over the IP network
are commonly referred to as Voice over IP or VoIP protocols.
They may be viewed as commercial realizations of the
experimental Network Voice Protocol (1973) invented for the
ARPANET providers. Some cost savings are due to utilizing a
single network - see attached image - to carry voice and
data, especially where users have existing underutilized
network capacity that can carry VoIP at no additional cost.
VoIP to VoIP phone calls are sometimes free, while VoIP to
PSTN may have a cost that's borne by the VoIP user.
There are two types of PSTN to VoIP services: DID (Direct
Inward Dialing) and access numbers. DID
will connect the caller directly to the VoIP user while
access numbers require the caller to input the extension
number of the VoIP user. Access numbers are usually charged
as a local call to the caller and free to the VoIP user
while DID usually has a monthly fee.[2] There are also DIDs
that are free to the VoIP user but chargeable to the caller.
Functionality
VoIP can facilitate tasks that may be more difficult to
achieve using traditional networks:
* Incoming phone calls can be automatically routed to your
VoIP phone, regardless of where you are connected to the
network. Take your VoIP phone with you on a trip, and
wherever you connect to the Internet, you can receive
incoming calls.
* Free phone numbers for use with VoIP are available in the
USA, UK and other countries from organizations such as VoIP
User.
* Call center agents using VoIP phones can work from
anywhere with a sufficiently fast and stable Internet
connection.
* Many VoIP packages include PSTN features that most telcos
(telecommunication companies) normally charge extra for, or
may be unavailable from your local telco, such as 3-way
calling, call forwarding, automatic redial, and caller ID.
Mobility
VoIP allows users to travel anywhere in the world and still
make and receive phone calls:
* Subscribers of phone-line replacement services can make
and receive local phone calls regardless of their location.
For example, if a user has a New York City phone number and
is traveling in Europe and someone calls the phone number,
it will ring in Europe. Conversely, if a call is made from
Europe to New York City, it will be treated as a local call.
Of course, there must be a connection to the Internet e.g.
WiFi to make all of this possible.
* Users of Instant Messenger based VoIP services can also
travel anywhere in the world and make and receive phone
calls.
* VoIP phones can integrate with other services available
over the Internet, including video conversation, message or
data file exchange in parallel with the conversation, audio
conferencing, managing address books and passing information
about whether others (e.g. friends or colleagues) are
available online to interested parties.
Mass-market telephony
A major development starting in 2004 has been the
introduction of mass-market VoIP services over broadband
Internet access services, in which subscribers make and
receive calls as they would over the PSTN. Full phone
service VoIP phone companies provide inbound and outbound
calling with Direct Inbound Dialing. Many offer unlimited
calling to the U.S., and some to Canada or selected
countries in Europe or Asia as well, for a flat monthly fee.
These services take a wide variety of forms which can be
more or less similar to traditional POTS. At one extreme, an
analog telephone adapter (ATA) may be connected to the
broadband Internet connection and an existing telephone jack
in order to provide service nearly indistinguishable from
POTS on all the other jacks in the residence. This type of
service, which is fixed to one location, is generally
offered by broadband Internet providers such as cable
companies and telephone companies as a cheaper flat-rate
traditional phone service. Often the phrase "VoIP" is not
used in selling these services, but instead the industry has
marketed the phrase "Internet Phone" or "Digital Phone"
which is aimed at typical phone users who are not
necessarily tech-savvy. Typically, the provider touts the
advantage of being able to keep one's existing phone number.
According to a study by Telephia, the top ten providers in
the United States include Vonage, Verizon VoiceWing, AT&T
CallVantage, SunRocket, Lingo, NetZero, BroadVoice, America
Online, Packet8, and Earthlink. Verizon VoiceWing and AT&T
CallVantage are both listed in second place with 5.5% market
share.
At the other extreme are services like Gizmo Project and
Skype which rely on a software client on the computer in
order to place a call over the network, where one user ID
can be used on many different computers or in different
locations on a laptop. In the middle lie services which also
provide a telephone adapter for connecting to the broadband
connection similar to the services offered by broadband
providers (and in some cases also allow direct connections
of SIP phones) but which are aimed at a more tech-savvy user
and allow portability from location to location. One
advantage of these two types of services is the ability to
make and receive calls as one would at home, anywhere in the
world, at no extra cost. No additional charges are incurred,
as call diversion via the PSTN would, and the called party
does not have to pay for the call. For example, if a
subscriber with a home phone number in a U.S. area code
calls someone else in his home area code, it will be treated
as a local call regardless of where that person is in the
world. Often the user may elect to use someone else's area
code as his own to minimize phone costs to a frequently
called long-distance number.
For some users, the broadband phone complements, rather than
replaces, a PSTN line, due to a number of inconveniences
compared to traditional services. VoIP requires a broadband
Internet connection and, if a telephone adapter is used, a
power adapter is usually needed. In the case of a power
failure, VoIP services will generally not function.
Additionally, a call to the U.S. emergency services number
9-1-1 may not automatically be routed to the nearest local
emergency dispatch center, and would be of no use for
subscribers outside the U.S. This is potentially true for
users who select a number with an area code outside their
area. Some VoIP providers offer users the ability to
register their address so that 9-1-1 services work as
expected.
Another challenge for these services is the proper handling
of outgoing calls from fax machines, TiVo/ReplayTV boxes,
satellite television receivers, alarm systems, conventional
modems or FAXmodems, and other similar devices that depend
on access to a voice-grade telephone line for some or all of
their functionality. At present, these types of calls
sometimes go through without any problems, but in other
cases they will not go through at all. And in some cases,
this equipment can be made to work over a VoIP connection if
the sending speed can be changed to a lower bits per second
rate. If VoIP and cellular substitution becomes very
popular, some ancillary equipment makers may be forced to
redesign equipment, because it would no longer be possible
to assume a conventional voice-grade telephone line would be
available in almost all homes in North America and
Western-Europe. The TestYourVoIP website offers a free
service to test the quality of or diagnose an Internet
connection by placing simulated VoIP calls from any
Java-enabled Web browser, or from any phone or VoIP device
capable of calling the PSTN network.
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